FOB Price
Get Latest Price( Negotiable )
|4 Case Minimum Order
Country:
China
Model No:
AE91016HU
FOB Price:
( Negotiable ) Get Latest Price
Place of Origin:
-
Price for Minimum Order:
-
Minimum Order Quantity:
4 Case
Packaging Detail:
packed with color case, 4 cases in a bubble chamber.
Delivery Time:
3 days after receive the payment
Supplying Ability:
300 Case per Day
Payment Type:
T/T, Western Union, Money Gram, PayPal
Product Group :
-
China
Contact Person Lucy
Wuhan, Hubei
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Anti-dsDNA antibodies are a group of anti-nuclear antibodies
and their target antigen is double stranded DNA. Blood tests such
as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunofluorescence
are routinely performed to detect anti-dsDNA antibodies in
diagnostic laboratories. They are highly diagnostic of systemic
lupus erythematosus (SLE) and are implicated in the pathogenesis of
lupus nephritis. Although the exact mechanism of the generation of dsDNA antibodies is still unknown, it is likely that extracellular DNA is one cause of an immune response against dsDNA. There is a great deal of evidence supporting the idea that dead or dying cells are one major source of this extracellular DNA. Apoptosis is the highly organised process of programmed cell death in which the cell degrades the nuclear DNA and signals for phagocytosis. In people with SLE and other autoimmune disorders this process is thought to be defective, causing either an increase in cell death and/or a decrease in the rate of dead cell clearance. There is a higher rate of apoptosis in people with SLE and various changes in genes and proteins have been implicated in the defects in apoptosis. These include increased levels of soluble Fas and bcl*2 and polymorphisms in the programmed cell death 1 and run-related transcription factor X1. Blebs on apoptotic cells contain nearly all the autoantigens found in SLE, and phagocytes bind these apoptotic cells and phagocytose them. If this process is defective, these autoantigens can be released into the circulation allowing an immune response. Serum amyloid P component is a protein that is thought to aid in the clearance of chromatin produced by apoptotic cells and deficiencies in this protein have been shown (in mice) to cause spontaneous formation of ANA. Autoantigens present on the blebs of apoptotic cells are also prone to modification, which can increase their immunogenicity. Upon release of nuclear proteins and chromatin, antigen presenting cells, such as dendritic cells and macrophages, display these antigens to T helper cells. Although the details of this process are still controversial, evidence shows that to produce an immune response, DNA must activate an antigen presenting cell to produce type 1 interferons. This cytokine serves to induce maturation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) so that they can display their antigens to T helper cells. The mechanism in which eukaryotic DNA activates these cells is still as yet unclear; however, immunogenic CpG sequences have been found to either activate PDCs or act as adjuvant in the response to eukaryotic DNA. CpG motif DNA acts via the pattern recognition receptor, toll-like receptor 9, found highly expressed in PDCs and B cells. The T helper cells then activate B cells, which are also in the presence of these antigens, causing the production of autoantibodies. Anti-dsDNA antibodies can also be produced through infection via a mechanism known as molecular mimicry. Upon exposure to pneumococcal polysaccharides, cross reactive antibodies between dsDNA and pneumococcal polysaccharides are produced in lupus. Epstein-Barr virus is also known to induce dsDNA antibodies, as seen after immunisation of animals with EBNA*1 epitopes. Anti-dsDNA antibodies might also be created secondary to the production of antibodies to other proteins within the nucleosome. Mice that have T cells directed towards the nucleosome can illicit a response to other antigens such as dsDNA and histone via a mechanism known as antigen spreading. This effect can also occur after an infection causes the production of autoantibodies to other structures within the nucleus. |
| Country: | China |
| Model No: | AE91016HU |
| FOB Price: | ( Negotiable ) Get Latest Price |
| Place of Origin: | - |
| Price for Minimum Order: | - |
| Minimum Order Quantity: | 4 Case |
| Packaging Detail: | packed with color case, 4 cases in a bubble chamber. |
| Delivery Time: | 3 days after receive the payment |
| Supplying Ability: | 300 Case per Day |
| Payment Type: | T/T, Western Union, Money Gram, PayPal |
| Product Group : | - |
